Pero no los confundo con gente que se alejó de su comportamiento emprendedor y que justifica políticamente su acción empresarial neo-liberal o desde una perspectiva ligeramente distinta, gente que bajo su visión neo-liberal encuentra políticamente justificable cualquier comportamiento empresarial.
Para mi los personajes obscuros u oscuros personajes son aquellos que de vez en cuando demuestran tener una agenda oculta, una voluntad que va más allá de su propio ser y que parece provenir del seno de una cofradía, una hermandad. Suelen ser herméticos pero algunos de ellos se exponen al introducir algunas de sus ideas entre nosotros. Lo hacen utilizando toda una industria mediática que los endiosa, los protege. Su agenda oculta es entonces ligeramente más evidente pues suele involucrarnos a todos en sus propuestas.
Uno de éstos personajes obscuros genera en mi gran desprecio: el ex-presidente español José María Aznar. Este personaje tiene la particularidad de evidenciar su bajo rango de manera recurrente con actitudes complacientes para con otros de su misma calaña, pero de superior destino en la cofradía. De allí mi desprecio.
Lo último que supe de él provino de su inquietante artículo "PERCHÉ ISRAELE VA DIFESO" publicado, este pasado 23 de Enero, por Il Menssaggero, en el que Aznar expone, de la manera más destemplada, algunas de las ideas del siniestro grupo de personajes obscuros para el que trabaja. Estas son un puñado de ellas:
“Il mio buon amico Bibi Netanyahu ha lanciato un’iniziativa che merita di essere presa in considerazione: accusare il presidente iraniano di incitamento al genocidio. Non è uno scherzo. E’ imprescindibile che i leader e gli ayatollah iraniani sappiano che si devono rispettare certe regole e che, in caso contrario, se ne debbano subire le conseguenze.”
“Mi buen amigo Bibi -Benjamin- Netanyahu ha lanzado una iniciativa que merece tomarse en cuenta: acusar al presidente iraní de incitación al genocidio. No es una broma. Es imprescindible que los líderes y los ayatolás iraníes sepan que tienen que respetar las reglas y que en caso contrario asuman las consecuencias.”
“Dobbiamo renderci conto che invocare la distruzione d’Israele non deve restare impunito.”
“Debemos darnos cuenta de que invocar la destrucción de Israel no debe quedar impune.”
“Cosa potranno pensare del nostro silenzio i nemici d’Israele? Una sola cosa, cioè che Israele è oggi più solo che mai e di conseguenza più debole.”
“¿Qué podrán pensar de nuestro silencio los enemigos de Israel? Sólo una cosa, es decir, que Israel está hoy más solo que nunca y como consecuencia más débil.”
“Ad ogni nostro segno di debolezza, gli avversari diventano più forti.”
“Cada vez que damos muestras de debilidad, nuestros enemigos se hacen más fuertes.”
“Abbandonare Israele alla propria sorte equivarrebbe a chiudere gli occhi davanti ai vincoli morali, politici, economici, culturali, storici e strategici che ci uniscono.”
“Abandonar a Israel a su suerte equivaldría a cerrar los ojos ante los vínculos morales, políticos, económicos, culturales, históricos y estratégicos que nos unen.”
¿Cómo se supone que debemos leer estas ideas? El sujeto esta desconociendo los vínculos que España y parte de Europa tienen también con los pueblos del Medio Oriente y está justificando un ataque preventivo a Irán para “demostrar” que Israel es la frontera del Mundo Occidental en la región y que no está sólo, que por el contrario, sus enemigos son los enemigos de Europa y del Mundo Occidental. ¿Está hablando Aznar como el político? ¿Lo estará haciendo como el emprendedor occidental neo-liberal, presidente de la Fundación para el Análisis y los Estudios Sociales - FAES? ¿O estará representando a la secta imperial, obscuro grupo, del cual él es sólo un secuaz de bajo rango?
Algunas veces, la obscuridad que les rodea, trae a mi mente la extraña referencia de que para algunos pueblos africanos lo obscuro es sinónimo algo bueno y el exceso de luz -y el color blanco- es apreciada como la presencia de lo maligno. ¡Que diferencia increíble! Un concepto diametralmente opuesto al de nuestra cultura blanca occidental imperial. Por un momento entonces, mi mente divaga hacia otros asuntos y me olvido un rato de los obscuros personajes. Lamentablemente su agenda es indeleble.
Comentarios publicados:
Why Socialism?
by Albert Einstein
Monthly Review, New York, May 1949.
Is it advisable for one who is not an expert on economic and social issues to express views on the subject of socialism? I believe for a number of reasons that it is.
Let us first consider the question from the point of view of scientific knowledge. It might appear that there are no essential methodological differences between astronomy and economics: scientists in both fields attempt to discover laws of general acceptability for a circumscribed group of phenomena in order to make the interconnection of these phenomena as clearly understandable as possible. But in reality such methodological differences do exist. The discovery of general laws in the field of economics is made difficult by the circumstance that observed economic phenomena are often affected by many factors which are very hard to evaluate separately. In addition, the experience which has accumulated since the beginning of the so-called civilized period of human history has—as is well known—been largely influenced and limited by causes which are by no means exclusively economic in nature. For example, most of the major states of history owed their existence to conquest. The conquering peoples established themselves, legally and economically, as the privileged class of the conquered country. They seized for themselves a monopoly of the land ownership and appointed a priesthood from among their own ranks. The priests, in control of education, made the class division of society into a permanent institution and created a system of values by which the people were thenceforth, to a large extent unconsciously, guided in their social behavior.
But historic tradition is, so to speak, of yesterday; nowhere have we really overcome what Thorstein Veblen called "the predatory phase" of human development. The observable economic facts belong to that phase and even such laws as we can derive from them are not applicable to other phases. Since the real purpose of socialism is precisely to overcome and advance beyond the predatory phase of human development, economic science in its present state can throw little light on the socialist society of the future.
Second, socialism is directed towards a social-ethical end. Science, however, cannot create ends and, even less, instill them in human beings; science, at most, can supply the means by which to attain certain ends. But the ends themselves are conceived by personalities with lofty ethical ideals and—if these ends are not stillborn, but vital and vigorous—are adopted and carried forward by those many human beings who, half unconsciously, determine the slow evolution of society.
For these reasons, we should be on our guard not to overestimate science and scientific methods when it is a question of human problems; and we should not assume that experts are the only ones who have a right to express themselves on questions affecting the organization of society.
Innumerable voices have been asserting for some time now that human society is passing through a crisis, that its stability has been gravely shattered. It is characteristic of such a situation that individuals feel indifferent or even hostile toward the group, small or large, to which they belong. In order to illustrate my meaning, let me record here a personal experience. I recently discussed with an intelligent and well-disposed man the threat of another war, which in my opinion would seriously endanger the existence of mankind, and I remarked that only a supra-national organization would offer protection from that danger. Thereupon my visitor, very calmly and coolly, said to me: "Why are you so deeply opposed to the disappearance of the human race?"
I am sure that as little as a century ago no one would have so lightly made a statement of this kind. It is the statement of a man who has striven in vain to attain an equilibrium within himself and has more or less lost hope of succeeding. It is the expression of a painful solitude and isolation from which so many people are suffering in these days. What is the cause? Is there a way out?
It is easy to raise such questions, but difficult to answer them with any degree of assurance. I must try, however, as best I can, although I am very conscious of the fact that our feelings and strivings are often contradictory and obscure and that they cannot be expressed in easy and simple formulas.
Man is, at one and the same time, a solitary being and a social being. As a solitary being, he attempts to protect his own existence and that of those who are closest to him, to satisfy his personal desires, and to develop his innate abilities. As a social being, he seeks to gain the recognition and affection of his fellow human beings, to share in their pleasures, to comfort them in their sorrows, and to improve their conditions of life. Only the existence of these varied, frequently conflicting, strivings accounts for the special character of a man, and their specific combination determines the extent to which an individual can achieve an inner equilibrium and can contribute to the well-being of society. It is quite possible that the relative strength of these two drives is, in the main, fixed by inheritance. But the personality that finally emerges is largely formed by the environment in which a man happens to find himself during his development, by the structure of the society in which he grows up, by the tradition of that society, and by its appraisal of particular types of behavior. The abstract concept "society" means to the individual human being the sum total of his direct and indirect relations to his contemporaries and to all the people of earlier generations. The individual is able to think, feel, strive, and work by himself; but he depends so much upon society—in his physical, intellectual, and emotional existence—that it is impossible to think of him, or to understand him, outside the framework of society. It is "society" which provides man with food, clothing, a home, the tools of work, language, the forms of thought, and most of the content of thought; his life is made possible through the labor and the accomplishments of the many millions past and present who are all hidden behind the small word “society.”
It is evident, therefore, that the dependence of the individual upon society is a fact of nature which cannot be abolished—just as in the case of ants and bees. However, while the whole life process of ants and bees is fixed down to the smallest detail by rigid, hereditary instincts, the social pattern and interrelationships of human beings are very variable and susceptible to change. Memory, the capacity to make new combinations, the gift of oral communication have made possible developments among human being which are not dictated by biological necessities. Such developments manifest themselves in traditions, institutions, and organizations; in literature; in scientific and engineering accomplishments; in works of art. This explains how it happens that, in a certain sense, man can influence his life through his own conduct, and that in this process conscious thinking and wanting can play a part.
Man acquires at birth, through heredity, a biological constitution which we must consider fixed and unalterable, including the natural urges which are characteristic of the human species. In addition, during his lifetime, he acquires a cultural constitution which he adopts from society through communication and through many other types of influences. It is this cultural constitution which, with the passage of time, is subject to change and which determines to a very large extent the relationship between the individual and society. Modern anthropology has taught us, through comparative investigation of so-called primitive cultures, that the social behavior of human beings may differ greatly, depending upon prevailing cultural patterns and the types of organization which predominate in society. It is on this that those who are striving to improve the lot of man may ground their hopes: human beings are not condemned, because of their biological constitution, to annihilate each other or to be at the mercy of a cruel, self-inflicted fate.
If we ask ourselves how the structure of society and the cultural attitude of man should be changed in order to make human life as satisfying as possible, we should constantly be conscious of the fact that there are certain conditions which we are unable to modify. As mentioned before, the biological nature of man is, for all practical purposes, not subject to change. Furthermore, technological and demographic developments of the last few centuries have created conditions which are here to stay. In relatively densely settled populations with the goods which are indispensable to their continued existence, an extreme division of labor and a highly-centralized productive apparatus are absolutely necessary. The time—which, looking back, seems so idyllic—is gone forever when individuals or relatively small groups could be completely self-sufficient. It is only a slight exaggeration to say that mankind constitutes even now a planetary community of production and consumption.
I have now reached the point where I may indicate briefly what to me constitutes the essence of the crisis of our time. It concerns the relationship of the individual to society. The individual has become more conscious than ever of his dependence upon society. But he does not experience this dependence as a positive asset, as an organic tie, as a protective force, but rather as a threat to his natural rights, or even to his economic existence. Moreover, his position in society is such that the egotistical drives of his make-up are constantly being accentuated, while his social drives, which are by nature weaker, progressively deteriorate. All human beings, whatever their position in society, are suffering from this process of deterioration. Unknowingly prisoners of their own egotism, they feel insecure, lonely, and deprived of the naive, simple, and unsophisticated enjoyment of life. Man can find meaning in life, short and perilous as it is, only through devoting himself to society.
The economic anarchy of capitalist society as it exists today is, in my opinion, the real source of the evil. We see before us a huge community of producers the members of which are unceasingly striving to deprive each other of the fruits of their collective labor—not by force, but on the whole in faithful compliance with legally established rules. In this respect, it is important to realize that the means of production—that is to say, the entire productive capacity that is needed for producing consumer goods as well as additional capital goods—may legally be, and for the most part are, the private property of individuals.
For the sake of simplicity, in the discussion that follows I shall call “workers” all those who do not share in the ownership of the means of production—although this does not quite correspond to the customary use of the term. The owner of the means of production is in a position to purchase the labor power of the worker. By using the means of production, the worker produces new goods which become the property of the capitalist. The essential point about this process is the relation between what the worker produces and what he is paid, both measured in terms of real value. Insofar as the labor contract is “free,” what the worker receives is determined not by the real value of the goods he produces, but by his minimum needs and by the capitalists' requirements for labor power in relation to the number of workers competing for jobs. It is important to understand that even in theory the payment of the worker is not determined by the value of his product.
Private capital tends to become concentrated in few hands, partly because of competition among the capitalists, and partly because technological development and the increasing division of labor encourage the formation of larger units of production at the expense of smaller ones. The result of these developments is an oligarchy of private capital the enormous power of which cannot be effectively checked even by a democratically organized political society. This is true since the members of legislative bodies are selected by political parties, largely financed or otherwise influenced by private capitalists who, for all practical purposes, separate the electorate from the legislature. The consequence is that the representatives of the people do not in fact sufficiently protect the interests of the underprivileged sections of the population. Moreover, under existing conditions, private capitalists inevitably control, directly or indirectly, the main sources of information (press, radio, education). It is thus extremely difficult, and indeed in most cases quite impossible, for the individual citizen to come to objective conclusions and to make intelligent use of his political rights.
The situation prevailing in an economy based on the private ownership of capital is thus characterized by two main principles: first, means of production (capital) are privately owned and the owners dispose of them as they see fit; second, the labor contract is free. Of course, there is no such thing as a pure capitalist society in this sense. In particular, it should be noted that the workers, through long and bitter political struggles, have succeeded in securing a somewhat improved form of the “free labor contract” for certain categories of workers. But taken as a whole, the present day economy does not differ much from “pure” capitalism.
Production is carried on for profit, not for use. There is no provision that all those able and willing to work will always be in a position to find employment; an “army of unemployed” almost always exists. The worker is constantly in fear of losing his job. Since unemployed and poorly paid workers do not provide a profitable market, the production of consumers' goods is restricted, and great hardship is the consequence. Technological progress frequently results in more unemployment rather than in an easing of the burden of work for all. The profit motive, in conjunction with competition among capitalists, is responsible for an instability in the accumulation and utilization of capital which leads to increasingly severe depressions. Unlimited competition leads to a huge waste of labor, and to that crippling of the social consciousness of individuals which I mentioned before.
This crippling of individuals I consider the worst evil of capitalism. Our whole educational system suffers from this evil. An exaggerated competitive attitude is inculcated into the student, who is trained to worship acquisitive success as a preparation for his future career.
I am convinced there is only one way to eliminate these grave evils, namely through the establishment of a socialist economy, accompanied by an educational system which would be oriented toward social goals. In such an economy, the means of production are owned by society itself and are utilized in a planned fashion. A planned economy, which adjusts production to the needs of the community, would distribute the work to be done among all those able to work and would guarantee a livelihood to every man, woman, and child. The education of the individual, in addition to promoting his own innate abilities, would attempt to develop in him a sense of responsibility for his fellow men in place of the glorification of power and success in our present society.
Nevertheless, it is necessary to remember that a planned economy is not yet socialism. A planned economy as such may be accompanied by the complete enslavement of the individual. The achievement of socialism requires the solution of some extremely difficult socio-political problems: how is it possible, in view of the far-reaching centralization of political and economic power, to prevent bureaucracy from becoming all-powerful and overweening? How can the rights of the individual be protected and therewith a democratic counterweight to the power of bureaucracy be assured?
Comentarios publicados:
ONU en Haití: carros blindados atacan a hombres, mujeres y niños en Cité Soleil.Por: Haití Action Committee - 31/12/06
En la madrugada del viernes 22 de diciembre, desde aproximadamente las 3 de la mañana, 400 soldados de las fuerzas de ocupación de la ONU, dirigidas por brasileños, con vehículos blindados, realizaron un masivo ataque contra la población de Cité Soleil, sitiando una vez más a esa comunidad empobrecida.
Testigos presenciales informan que una ola de disparos indiscriminados con armas pesadas comenzó aproximadamente a las 5 de la mañana y continuó durante gran parte del día viernes – una operación de la misma escala que la masacre de la ONU en Cité Soleil del 6 de julio de 2005. Se informa que se escuchaban las detonaciones a kilómetros de distancia.
Los primeros informes periodísticos hablaban de por lo menos 40 víctimas, todas civiles. Según testimonios de la comunidad, las fuerzas de la ONU en helicópteros dispararon contra las casas mientras otros soldados atacaban desde tierra con transportes blindados de tropas. La gente murió en sus casas. Soldados de la ONU de Brasil, Chile, Uruguay y Bolivia participaron en el sitio de todo el día, con el respaldo de policías haitianos. Los soldados de la ONU tuvieron nuevamente como objetivos los barrios Bois Neuf y Drouillard de Cité Soleil – escena de la masacre del 6 de julio.
Mientras los informes siguen llegando, lo que se sabe por el momento es que:
Un fotógrafo de Reuters “contó 9 cuerpos, y testigos presenciales contaron 4 más. Hasta 40 personas fueron heridas, dijeron trabajadores humanitarios. Se cree que todas las víctimas son civiles.”
Un observador de derechos humanos haitiano contó por lo menos 17 cadáveres. Este testigo también informó que:
– una mujer, embarazada de 6 meses recibió tiros en el estómago, matando a su hijo aún no nacido.
– un hombre, y su hijo de 8 años, estaban en sus camas cuando un helicóptero acribilló su casa, hiriendo a ambos.
– un hombre llamado Jacquelin Oliver fue muerto en su cama cuando las balas perforaron las paredes. Deja a su esposa y a un niño de 3 años.
– “los extranjeros llegaron disparando durante horas sin interrupción y mataron a 10 personas,” según el residente de Bois Neuf, Johnny Claircidor, citado por Reuters. “Vinieron a aterrorizar a la población,” dijo la residente de Cité Soleil Rose Martel a Reuters, refiriéndose a los soldados de la ONU y a la policía. “No creo que hayan matado realmente a algún bandido, a menos que nos consideren a todos como bandidos.”
– La Agence Haitienne de Presse (AHP) dijo que “los residentes de Cité Soleil informan sobre daños muy serios a la propiedad y que existe preocupación de que pueda desarrollarse una crítica escasez de agua porque las cisternas y los tubos de agua fueron agujereados por los disparos.”
– “Residentes locales dicen que las víctimas fueron ciudadanos normales cuyo único crimen fue que viven en el vecindario atacado.” (AHP)
Soldados de la ONU impiden que vehículos de la Cruz Roja ayuden a los heridos
Según Pierre Alexis, coordinador de la Cruz Roja Haitiana para Cité Soleil, los soldados de la ONU impidieron que la Cruz Roja Haitiana atendiera a niños heridos durante el ataque. Alexis dijo que numerosos niños sufrieron graves heridas, pero que soldados de la ONU impidieron que los vehículos de la Cruz Roja entraran a Cité Soleil. AHP informó que “residentes se indignaron porque soldados [de la ONU] se negaron a permitir la atención médica... para gente que ellos habían herido.” A pesar de esto, el hospital St. Catherine en Cité Soleil informó que recibió a numerosos heridos.
¿A qué se debe este último ataque contra la gente de Cité Soleil? — Las autoridades de ocupación de la ONU en Haití afirman que forma parte de su lucha contra “bandidos” y “secuestradores”, usando a los 300.000 residentes de Cité Soleil como chivos expiatorios. Sin embargo, es de conocimiento general en todo Port–au–Prince que los secuestradores provienen de todos los sectores, incluyendo a agentes corruptos de la policía y a los ricos. ¿Dirige la ONU ataques militares contra los vecindarios acaudalados donde se sabe que operan los secuestradores? Claro que no.
Una explicación más plausible proviene de los activistas de base en Cité Soleil. Argumentan que se trata de un “castigo” por sus continuas protestas en las que exigen un fin a la ocupación por la ONU, la restauración de la plena democracia, el retorno del presidente Aristide, y la liberación de los prisioneros políticos. Además, la gente de Cité Soleil ha estado protestando enérgicamente contra las elecciones municipales del 3 de diciembre, en la que hubo afirmaciones generalizadas de fraude y en las que se impidió que se votara en muchos vecindarios populares.
Sólo hace poco, el 16 de diciembre, la gente de Cité Soleil encabezó una masiva protesta en todo Port–au–Prince marcando el aniversario de la primera elección de Jean–Bertrand Aristide como presidente en 1990. [Se manifestaron a pesar de los disparos de la ONU contra el distrito en la noche antes, lo que fue considerado generalmente como un intento de la ONU de intimidar a la población la víspera de la marcha.] En la semana después de la marcha, las tensiones siguieron aumentando, culminando en el ataque del 22 de diciembre de las fuerzas de la ONU bajo comando brasileño
¡Ya basta! ¡Únanse a nosotros en la denuncia de los continuos ataques terroristas de la ONU contra el pueblo haitiano!
Ahora es el momento para que en USA y en todo el mundo aumentemos nuestros esfuerzos solidarios con el pueblo de Haití. Hay que poner al día, expandir e intensificar nuestras protestas, llamados y cartas. ¡Exigid un fin a los repetidos y brutales ataques de la ONU contra esta comunidad sitiada!
Escribid correos o fax al funcionario de la ONU mencionado. Que sean breves.
Denunciad el masivo ataque con armas pesadas contra los ciudadanos de Cité Soleil de las fuerzas de ocupación de la ONU el 22 de diciembre de 2006.
Exigid reparaciones para las víctimas y sus familias.
Exigid el enjuiciamiento de los funcionarios, comandantes y soldados de la ONU responsables por esta última atrocidad de la ONU en Haití.
A: Edmond Mulet
Representante Especial de la ONU en Haití
mulet@un.org
Fax 011–509–244–3512
A: Thierry Fagart
Jefe de Derechos Humanos de la ONU en Haití
fagart@un.org
Fax 011–509–244–9366
A: Louise Arbour
Alta Comisionada para Derechos Humanos de la ONU
ngochr@ohchr.org
Fax 011–41–22–917–9011
Comentarios publicados:
Steve Jobs - CEO de Apple Computer,
en Macworld Mag. Febrero 2004.
Fuente de las imágenes. Gracias a todos quienes comparten sus grandiosas visiones del mundo.